image-orientation:
from-image (default)

A: x-origin direct
(clamped → ORIENTED)

B: x-origin cross-fade[0]
(LEAK → RAW)

C: same-origin direct
(ORIENTED)

image-orientation: none

D: x-origin direct
(clamped → ORIENTED)

E: x-origin cross-fade[1]
(LEAK → RAW)

F: same-origin direct
(RAW — legit)

oriented.jpg is a 100×50 JPEG with EXIF Orientation=3 (180°).
EXPECTED if clamp worked: B==A==C and E==D.
ACTUAL: B and E render the raw unrotated bitmap (B,E == F; B,E ≠ A,D).